Introduction to Imaging
RAD101
This course examines principles of physics and introduces radiology. Coursework addresses x-ray machines, x-ray production and emission, radiation biology and protection. Principles of radiographic exposure beam quality and quantity are also discussed.
5.0 credits
None
BONTRAGERS HANDBOOK OF RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING AND TECHNIQUES
8th Edition
by KENNETH BONTRAGER, JOHN LAMPIGNANO
Elsevier
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Carrington College's Institutional Learning Outcomes illustrate the entire institution's commitment to ensuring that all graduates demonstrate proficiency in the following:
1
Communication
2
Critical thinking
3
Professionalism
4
Collaboration
Programmatic Student Learning Outcomes are listed below:
1
Demonstrate clinical competency
2
Demostrate the ability to apply critical thinking, work collaboratively, Communicate clearly and act professionally
Carrington College (CC) course content is developed in alignment with specific Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs).
1
SLO-1 Identify and discuss matter and energy
2
SLO-2 Identify and discuss sources of ionizing radiation
3
SLO-3 Identify and discuss the discovery of x-rays
4
SLO-4 Apply concepts of mathematics to the study of radiation
5
SLO-5 Identify and discuss units of measurement
6
SLO-6 Identify and discuss atomic structure
7
SLO-7 Identify and discuss electromagnetic radiation
8
SLO-8 Identify and discuss electricity and magnetism
9
SLO-9 Identify and discuss x-ray components
10
SLO-10 Identify and discuss x-ray production and emission
11
SLO-11 Discuss and explain x-ray interaction with matter
Course specific info here or remove...
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Lesson |
SLOs |
Objectives |
Reading(s) |
Instructional Activities |
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1
|
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11
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Discuss the discovery of x-rays Compare and contrast matter and energy by describing their characteristics Name and describe the 7 types of energy Describe the relevance of electromagnetic energy to radiology Define ionizing radiation and state its relevance to radiology List the sources of ionizing radiation Describe the accidental discovery of x-rays Explain the history of the development modern radiology Explain the need for radiation protection and the efforts taken to protect the patient from excessive radiation exposure Identify and discuss mathematics & units of measurement Describe the base quantities of physics with SI units Discuss the derived quantities of physics with SI units Relate the special quantities of physics that pertain to radiography & their SI & Std. units List the 4 major systems of UOM List the formulas and units of measure for all the derived quantities Compare and contrast the 3 forms of heat transfer List the 3 different forms of heat measurement Demonstrate understanding of scientific notation and calculate using it Be able to convert between standard and metric units of measure |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 1 - Essential Concepts of Radiologic Science
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Read chapter 1 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Energy, Matter, Mass, Ionization, Cathode Ray Tube, Crookes Tube, NCRP, Theory of Relativity, ALARA, Filtration, Collimation, Intensifying Screens, Protective Apparel, Gonadal Shielding, Protective Barriers, ARRT, Coolidge tube, Snook transformer, Double emulsion film, Fluoroscope, radon, natural radiation, man-made radiation, Exponent, Planck's Constant, nano, micro, centi, milli, Kilo, Mega, Gray, Air Kerma, Roentgen, rad, Curie, Dose equivalent, rem, Effective dose, Giga, Tera, Velocity, Acceleration, Force, Weight, Momentum, Work, Power, KE, PE, Convection, Conduction, Radiation, Mechanics, MKS, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin, Newton, Mechanics, Magnitude, Newton's laws |
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2
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1, 2, 6
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Identify and discuss matter and energy Identify and discuss sources of ionizing radiation Discuss the history of the atom Describe an atom using structures and relate size Diagram an atom Discuss electron arrangement Describe the periodic table Compare/contrast ionic and covalent bonds Define: radioactivity, radioisotopes, and radionuclides Define half-life and relate its importance to radiology Define ionizing radiation and discuss the two forms of ionizing radiation |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 2 - The Structure of Matter
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Read chapter 2 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Energy Levels, Atomic mass, Atomic number, Nucleons, Electron binding energy, Ionization, Centripetal force, Centrifugal force, Isotope, Radioisotope, Beta emission, Alpha emission, Half-life, Particulate radiation, Electromagnetic radiation, Gamma rays, X-rays, Photon, Molecule, Compound, Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Proton, Neutron, Electron, Nucleon, Group, Period, Isomer, Ion, Isotone , Isobar |
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3
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4, 5, 7
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Identify and discuss EM radiation Discuss properties of a photon in terms of a sine wave. Describe the EM properties of a photon Define the electromagnetic wave formula Explain the relationship between λ & f Define the unit of photon energy Describe the Electromagnetic Spectrum List the units of measure associated with radio, visible light, and x-ray & discuss these segments with respect to λ & f Discuss the dual nature of a photon Define the circumstances when a photon acts like a particle and a wave Explain and use the Inverse Square Law Discuss the role of Planck's Constant in understanding electromagnetic radiation Write Planck's Constant with eV as the unit of measure Use Planck's Constant to convert between the energy and frequency of a photon |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 3 - Electro-magnetic Energy
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Read chapter 3 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Photon, Inverse Square Law, Frequency, Wavelength, Gamma rays, X-Rays, Electromagnetic spectrum, Sine waves, Wave equation, Velocity, Radiofrequency, Visible light, Amplitude, Ionizing radiation, Wave-particle duality, Planck's Quantum Equation, Absorption, Attenuation, Transmission, Scatter |
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4
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4, 5, 6, 8, 10
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Discuss details of electric charge Explain electrification Identify and discuss electricity and magnetism How does electrostatics relate to x-ray production List 5 laws of electrostatic charge Discuss Coulomb's law Discuss movement of charges in a conductor; electrons vs charge direction Describe Electrical Potential / Electromotive Force & its unit of measure Discuss electrodynamics Define relationships in Ohm's law; V=IR Understand symbols in table 4-2 Understand how AC current is represented graphically; sine wave Define Electrical Power and it's formulas; P=IV & P=I2R Discuss the nature of magnetism Name the types of magnets List types of Electromechanical devices Diagram and explain how a transformer works; Vs/Vp = Ns/Np |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 4 - Electricity, Magnetism, Electro-magnetism
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Read chapter 4 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Electrostatics, Electrification, Electrostatic Charge, Electric Field, Electrostatic Force, Coulomb's Law, Voltage, Current, Conductor, Insulator, Semiconductor, Ohm's Law, Ohms, Watts, DC / AC, Magnetism, Magnetic Field, Dipolar, Magnetic Domain, Natural Magnets, Permanent Magnets, Ferromagnetic, Electromagnet, Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, Induction, Tesla, Magnetic Field, Right-hand Rule, Solenoid, Electromagnet, Stator, Primary Coil, Secondary Coil, Step-Up transformer, Step-down transformer, Autotransformer, Faraday's law, Electric generator, Electric Motor, Shell-type transformer, Closed-core transformer, Rotor, Amps, Resistance |
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5
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8, 9, 10
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Discuss the purpose of the operating console and it's components Describe how impacting kVp and mA effect Image Quality Identify parts on the 1° & 2° side of the autotransformer Discuss the High Voltage Generator Discuss Voltage Rectification Describe half and full wave rectification Distinguish between 3φ and 1φ power & their effect on image quality Discuss the impact Δ voltage ripple has on kVp & image quality Describe how filament currents change and what the impact is on image quality Diagram and label the imaging system List and describe exposure timers |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 5 - X-ray Imaging System
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Read chapter 5 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: x-ray tube, Operating Console, Semiconductor, AEC, Line Compensator, Ripple, kVp, mAs, Rectification, Autotransformer, High Voltage Generator, Diode, Filament current, HVT, Filament transformer, Transformer law |
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6
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3, 8, 9,10
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List the External Components of the tube Describe 3 support systems for the tube Discuss the 4 functions of the protective housing & how the housing fulfills them Describe the Envelope Discuss the causes of tube failure Describe the features of a Crookes and Coolidge tubes List the Internal Components of the tube Explain the purpose of the cathode, physical qualities of the filament Explain the purpose and function of the focusing cup Discuss the functional range of the filament current. Explain when more kVp will increase tube current Differentiate b/w a tube that is space charge limited and one that is emission limited Discuss the purpose of a dual filament Explain the purpose, materials & 3 essential functions of the anode Describe the target and it's function Explain the advantages of a rotating anode Explain the line focus principle & the advantages of a larger & smaller focal spot Describe the Anode Heel effect at the anode, in the beam and on the image receptor Discuss extra focal radiation and it's image impact Discuss the possible causes and of tube failure Interpret a rating chart & cooling chart |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 6 - X-ray Tube
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Read chapter 6 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Tube support, Tube Housing, Envelope, Cathode, Internal Components, External Components, Thermionic Emission, Filament, Focusing Cup, Space-charge, Dual Focus, Anode, Target, Line-focus Principle, Heel Effect, Extrafocal Radiation, Tube Failure, Heat Units, Space Charge, Space Charge effect, Saturation, Space charge limitation, Emission limitation, Tube current, Filament current, Actual Focal spot, Effective Focal spot, Conduction, Convection, Radiation (infrared), Rating chart, Cooling chart, W, Mo, kVp, mA |
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7
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8, 10
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Identify and discuss x-ray production and emission Explain the three interactions that occur when electrons collide with the target Draw & label a diagram of the interactions Describe how heat is made at the anode Explain how a photon is produced in a Characteristic interaction Identify the type of spectrum graph that is associated with Characteristic interactions Explain how Characteristic photons have an energy equal to the k-shell BSE Explain how a photon is produced by a Bremsstrahlung interaction Discuss the relationship b/w the amount of deviation in the path of the incident electron and the energy of the photon Explain why the energy of a Bremsstrahlung photon can exceed the energy of a Characteristic photon Explain the significance of the X and Y axis on the x-ray emission spectrum Explain how changes in technical factors change the emission spectrum |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 7 - X-ray Production
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Read chapter 7 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Projectile electron, Infrared radiation, Excitation, Energy shells, k-shell, Outer shell, Hardening, Amplitude, Characteristic Production, Bremsstrahlung Production, Emission Spectrum, Characteristic spectrum, Bremsstrahlung Spectrum, Quantity, Quality |
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8
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4, 5, 9, 10, 11
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List and discuss the factors that affect beam intensity List and discuss the factors that affect the quality of the x-ray beam Describe the Half-Value Layer Discuss the different types of filtration What type/shape of filters are in imaging Discuss the effect of filtration on the beam Relate and calculate the relationship between quantity and mAs Relate and calculate the relationship between intensity and distance Relate and calculate the change for mAs that compensates for change in distance Relate and calculate the relationship between kVp and density Relate and calculate the relationship between kVp, contrast and density |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 8 - X-ray Emission
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Read chapter 8 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Beam Quantity, Beam Quality, Intensity, Exposure, Roentgen, Inverse Square law, Density Maintenance law, Penetrability, Half-Value Layer, Filtration, Inherent filtration, Added filtration, Compensating filter, Trough filter, Bow-tie filter, Wedge filter, Conic filter |
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9
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9, 10, 11 |
Discuss and explain x-ray interaction with matter Describe each of the five (5) x-ray interactions with matter Define differential absorption Describe differential absorptions effect on image contrast Explain the effect of kVp, mass density and Z# on differential absorption Discuss why contrast agents are used |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapter 9 - X-ray Interaction with Matter
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Read chapter 9 & prepare challenge questions at end of chapter In-class assignments Homework due 2 class days prior to Exam Quiz Prepare Chapter Workbook Questions Chapter examination Define the following & their significance: Coherent scatter, Compton Scatter, Backscatter, Photoelectric effect, Logarithmic graph/scale, Pair production, Photodisintegration, Differential absorption, Mass density, Attenuation, Radiographic contrast, Double-Contrast, Absorption |
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10 |
1-11
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Demonstrate understanding of all material covered in lecture, assignments, quizzes, exams and textbook for the semester |
Radiologic Science for Technologists Chapters 1-9
|
Review Ch. 1-9 Worksheet due last day of lecture Final examination |
The graded activities, which contribute to your final grade, are weighted as follows.
Measure | Points | Percentage |
Exams | 400 | 40% |
Class Assignments | 300 | 30% |
Final Exam | 300 | 30% |
Total | 1000 | 100% |
You must make prior arrangements for submitting late assignments and receive approval. Even then, points may be deducted depending upon the circumstances. No extra credit assignments are permitted for any reason.
All of your course requirements are graded using points. At the end of the course, the points are converted to a letter grade using the scale in the table below.
| Letter Grade | Points | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| A | 900–1,000 | 90% to 100% |
| B | 800–899 | 80% to 89% |
| C | 700–799 | 70% to 79% |
| D | 600–699 | 60% to 69% |
| F | 599 and below | Below 60% |
To earn full credit for an assignment, you are required to submit or complete assignments by 11:59 p.m. MT on the due date or e-mail the instructor by the due date about your inability to submit the assignment. You will then have one week to complete the assignment. If you fail to notify the instructor, it is at the instructor's discretion to accept the late work.
Any late work will be graded subject to the instructor's discretion and a point deduction of 2% per day from the grade achieved may be imposed. You are allowed one non-emergency related late work submission per course within a single term and only after communicating directly with the classroom teacher.
No late submissions will be permitted beyond the end of the course unless arrangements have been made with your instructor and you will be taking an "incomplete" in the class. All incomplete work must be completed within two weeks of the end of the term. No work will be accepted that is more than one week late unless you have made arrangements with the instructor. Final exam extensions may only be granted by the College.
Emergencies and Extenuating Circumstances: If there is an extenuating circumstance that prevents you from completing assignments, you must contact the instructor to make alternative arrangements. E-mail your instructor the information about your emergency and request approval to make up the assignment, lab, quiz, or exam. Threaded discussions may not be made up.
Active communication is the key to overcoming any hurdles you may encounter during the term. It is your responsibility to inform your instructor of extenuating circumstances that might prevent you from completing work by the assigned deadline. In those situations, your instructor will work with you to come up with a mutually acceptable alternative. However, prior notification does not automatically result in a waiver of the late penalties.
Please note that evaluation of extenuating circumstances is at the discretion of your instructor and documentation may be required. Examples of extenuating circumstances may include but are not limited to: personal/family member hospitalization, death in the family, weather/environmental evacuation due to fire/hurricane, eCollege server outages or disruptions in service, or active military assignment where internet connectivity is unavailable for a limited time period.
Computer-related issues and Internet connectivity issues are not considered extenuating circumstances.
All submissions are considered final and no resubmissions will be permitted unless they are solely for the purpose of additional feedback and pointers.
For on-ground classes, please see the Carrington College catalog for the late work policy.
Ensuring academic integrity is an educational objective taken very seriously. Based on respect for individual academic achievement, each student and faculty member commits to being a part of a community of scholarship that prides itself on honesty and integrity.
Students agree that, by taking this course, all required papers may be subject to submission for textual similarity review to Turnitin.com for the detection of plagiarism. All submitted papers will be included as source documents in the Turnitin.com reference database solely for the purpose of detecting plagiarism of such papers. Use of the Turnitin.com service is subject to the Terms and Conditions of Use posted on the Turnitin.com site.
Academic and/or professional misconduct is subject to disciplinary action, including being placed on probation, failing a graded course component, failing a course, or being dismissed. Student academic misconduct includes, but is not limited to, cheating on examinations, plagiarism, bribery, falsification of student records, and improper attempts to influence instructors or school officials. For online courses, this includes submitting others' work, entering discussion threads under false pretenses, or not complying with instructor or Online Educational Center authorship.
Carrington College utilizes the American Psychological Association style of citation. All student work must be submitted in proper APA format for full credit.
APA Guidelines for Citing Sources
This tutorial is a resource for citing references using the latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Highlights include purposes of citing, guidelines and examples of how to cite sources in text and at the end of a paper, and how to format a reference list or an entire paper.
APA Handbook
This handbook is a resource for citing references using the latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Highlights include APA websites, practice exercises, ways to avoid plagiarism, and guidelines and examples for how to use sources, cite sources in discussion posts, cite in the text and at the end of a paper, edit citations, and format a reference list or an entire paper.
Student APA Training
This video will teach you the basics that you need to know in order to get started with APA style citation. No special software or set-up is required for the video.
American Psychological Association (APA) Style Website
This website provides answers to frequently asked questions and lists APA manuals, style guides, and software available for sale. Purchase is optional. Two good references are the Concise Rules of APA Style and the latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
Participation is earned in an online class by responding to discussion questions each week. Each week contains a discussion board, which is designed to explore the contents of the class and develop your collaborative skills. Discussions are graded upon:
| Quality Measurement |
|---|
High |
Your contributions to each topic indicate your mastery of the materials assigned. Your responses might integrate multiple views and/or show value as a seed for reflection for other participants' responses to the thread. You provide evidence that you are reading the assigned materials and other student postings and are responding accordingly, bringing out interesting interpretations. You know the facts and are able to analyze them and handle conceptual ideas. Examples of high quality posts include:
|
Medium |
You have meaningful interaction with other participants' postings. Posts that state "I agree" or "I disagree" include an explanation of what is disagreed or agreed upon and why, or they introduce an argument that adds to the discussion. However, you may have rambling, lengthy posts that show no sign of having been re-read and refined before posting, and your writing suffers lack of clarity and comprehension. Your posts demonstrate some confidence with the materials but may be just a bit off target in one area or another. |
Low |
You will receive little credit in the week's discussion if you just show up and make trivial comments, without adding any new thought to the discussion. At the low end of the spectrum, not participating gets a zero. If you are not in the discussion, you do not earn any points. |
It is expected that you use correct grammar and punctuation in your Discussion posts. In addition, please avoid using text message speak (e.g. lol, rofl, brb).
Please be respectful of your fellow students and your professor. Remember, even an innocent remark in the online environment can be misconstrued. Therefore, proofread your responses carefully before you post them to make sure that others will not take them as personal attacks.
Finally, each week contains a non-graded Q&A forum. This is where you should be posting any questions or concerns related to the course. If you have a question or concern of a more personal nature, please email your professor.
Please be aware that your professor may have additional requirements.
In online classes, attendance and participation are not the same. Please note that attendance is tracked by Carrington College, whereas participation is graded by your instructor.
Attendance is monitored daily and is reviewed weekly. Remember that the online week begins on Monday and ends on Sunday. To be in attendance during a week, you must log in to your online class and post at least once on at least one day during every week. Deadlines for attendance are based on Mountain Time (MT).
Important points to remember about online attendance:
You may be placed on Attendance Warning and/or Probation if you fail to meet the attendance requirements. Sending assignments privately to your instructor does not make up for missed attendance. Faculty and administrative staff cannot excuse absences.
If you are not able to post to your online class for three or more consecutive days for any reason, then you are REQUIRED to contact your instructor. After three consecutive days of non-attendance, you will receive a "Please Respond" e-mail or letter. If you do not respond or log in within five days, then you may be terminated from the online program.
For on-ground classes, please see the Carrington College catalog for the attendance policy.
When are grades calculated, and how can I view my grades?
What should I do if a discrepancy is found with my grade?
What if I cannot get my work submitted on time?
What should I do if I have a disability that requires accommodation?
Carrington College is committed to providing reasonable accommodations for eligible students with documented disabilities as defined by state and federal laws relating to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Our intent is to ensure that every student who makes a request for accommodations under ADA is advised of the accommodation process as promptly as possible. If you are a student with a verifiable documented disability, and you can provide medical documentation regarding this disability, then contact our ADA Officer at ADACarrington@carrington.edu for more information on how to receive ADA accommodations in your online classes or fax your request to 630-689-9052.
How can I get extra credit?
It is policy that extra credit will not be allowed in online courses for any reason.
When does the six-week term end?
When are weekly assignments due in my six-week class?